Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning and development. It typically begins in childhood and may continue into adolescence and adulthood, affecting academic performance, social interactions, and emotional well-being.
The exact etiology of ADHD is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, neurobiological factors, and environmental influences. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on standardized criteria such as those outlined in the DSM-5. Management strategies include behavioral therapy, lifestyle modifications, educational support, and pharmacological & Homoeopathic interventions.
In recent years, complementary approaches such as homoeopathy have been explored for individualized and holistic management. Homoeopathic treatment focuses on the patient’s overall constitution, emotional state, and specific symptom patterns rather than the disease alone. While some studies suggest potential benefits, further scientific research is required to establish its efficacy.
- Introduction
Attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects children and adults worldwide, with global prevalence estimates ranging from 5–7% in children and 2–4% in adults, depending on criteria and methods. ADHD is associated with elevated risks for academic underachievement, occupational difficulties, social‑relationship problems, and psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety, depression, and substance‑use disorders. Despite growing awareness and improved diagnostic tools, ADHD remains under‑recognized, under‑treated, or over‑interpreted in many settings, underscoring the need for critical, evidence‑based reviews.
This article presents a structured research review of ADHD, covering definition and diagnostic models, etiology, neurobiology, assessment, treatment, and future directions. The review draws on recent meta‑analyses, neuroimaging studies, and clinical‑guideline documents to provide a consolidated, up‑to‑date synthesis suitable for academic and clinical readers.
Keywords: Attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), neurodevelopmental disorder, disorganization, forgetfulness, Hypoactivation , academic underachievement, Occupational difficulties, Social‑relationship problems, psychiatric comorbidities.
